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The table below shows the rank attained by male and female officers in the New York City  Police Department (NYPD). Do these data indicate that men and women are equitably represented at all levels of the department? (De Veaux et al., 2009)

a) State what type of test is appropriate and give your hypotheses.
b) Find the chi-square statistic, the p-value, and report the degrees of freedom.
c) State and justify your conclusions. Are gender and rank independent or is there an
association?

Rank Male Female
Officer 21900 4281
Detective 4058 806
Sergeant 3898 415
Lieutenant 1333 89
Captain 359 12
Higher Ranks 218 10